Biotechnology is science that deal with the used of micro-organisms for the welfare of human being. Its actually, any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms to make or produced a products, that is used for specific purpose. To learn all the fundamental knowledge of biotechnology, you should have a book that have all the basic knowledge of biotechnology. Satyanarayana Biotechnology is one of the standard and trusted book in this regards.You can download this book in pdf format, But first we offer you to read the review and features of this book given below. Biotechnology by satyanarayana pdf:Author of this great book is U.
Satyanarayana. Satyanarayana biotechnology is very famous book of technology. Used in many countries as textbook especially in Asia. Many biotechnologist used this book and also recommended for students. The pdf is very helpful to study book on your Laptops, Mobile, PC and Tablets etc everywhere.
We upload the pdf of Satyanarayana biotechnology book. So you can easily download the pdf from this pages at the end. Before, download the book you must read the features given below.
ADVERTISEMENTS:Over the years, such applications have expanded to include a very wide range of products in the food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Genetic engineering and molecular biology have proved invaluable not only for the development of a host of products, but also for introducing new and more effective bioprocesses.Biotechnology and Medicine:The use of biotechnology has opened up a whole new world of possibilities in the field of medicine. This wide range of applications has in turn added vast potential to the field of medicine. For instance, in the case of oncogenes, various ‘genetic markers’ have been developed to identify malignancies of the breast, colon, bronchus, oesophagus and prostrate. Many psychiatric disorders that result in the failure of memory and aberrant behaviours are now being understood in the light of gene suppression or activation.These include dementia such as Alzheimer’s disease and Schizophrenia (the latter is incurred by a single aberrant gene).
Biotechnology also holds enormous potential for fertility control. Safe organ transplant and manipulation of the body’s immune system has also been made possible. Designer drugs is yet another development, which is specifically tailored to manipulate whole or parts of individual genes and to suppress or induce specific actions. ADVERTISEMENTS:Some of the other applications of biotechnology to medicine are:’ Antibiotics:Manufacturing of antibiotics is the most profitable part of the pharmaceutical industry.
More than a hundred antibiotics are currently in use and many dreaded bacterial diseases have been brought under control. The major groups of antibiotics include penicillin, tetracycline, cephalosporin and erythromycin.Penicillin was discovered by Fleming in 1928, and developed by Howard in 1944 from a fungus named Penicillium notatum and later from Pchrysogenum.
Penicillium produces the largest quantity of penicillin when the cells stop growing.The fermentation of penicillin requires seven to eight days for maximum yield. The fungus Cephlosporium is used for manufacturing Cephalosporin C, an antibiotic that can kill even those bacteria, which become resistant to penicillin. Streptomycin was discovered and produced from the filamentous microbe Streptomyces griseus. ADVERTISEMENTS:Genes as such do not directly code antibiotics. Most of them are produced inside the cell following a sequence of chemical reactions that are catalysed by enzymes.
The enzymes are assembled from instructions of specific genes, and cells could be used to produce new antibiotics. Cell fusion allows new combination of genes to be generated.Genes that can instruct the cells to make new antibiotics may be present in the cell itself, but they cannot be expressed. By fusing these cells, these geneg may be activated, new enzymes synthesised, and the resulting microbes can manufacture new antibiotics. Antibodies:Whenever there is an invasion of bacteria, fungi or viruses in the body, the blood and lymph glands generate antibodies as a defence mechanism. These antibodies (or immunoglobulin’s) identify the foreign substances (or antigens), and attach themselves to the alien material.
There are millions of different types of antibodies in the body, and each has a particular structure. If an antibody encounters a foreign substance with the same configuration, the two will lock together.When antigens are implanted into mice, rabbits, goats or horses, many B-lymphocytes bind to the antigen to produce a range of different immunoglobulin’s as antibodies to the antigen. Thus the total antibodies generated towards a particular antigen have been produced by many different clones derived from different B-lymphocytes and are referred to as polyclonal. Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a clone of cells derived from a single B-lymphocyte. These identical antibodies recognise exactly the same antigen.
Therapeutic Applications. ADVERTISEMENTS:Monoclonal antibodies developed against a particular type of cancer cell may lead to the regression of the tumor, as the cancerous cells are recognised as alien to body. Monoclonal antibodies can trigger off a patient’s immune system to start attacking a tumor.
Anti-cancer drugs that are physiologically attached to monoclonal antibodies targeted against specific cancerous antigens can also be delivered directly against the malignancy. Autoimmune Disease:This disease causes a breakdown in the body’s tolerance to its own antigens, as the B and T cells both react against their own tissue antigens. In rheumatic fever, the body becomes immunised against tissues in the heart and joints following an infection. Monoclonal antibodies against T-cell antigen are now being used to study and treat many autoimmune diseases.
Prediction of Disease Risk:Particular antigens on the cell surface (like those of human leukocytes) have been associated with the relative risk of occurrence of diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, early recognition of these antigens using monoclonal antibodies can facilitate suitable preventive measures. Pregnancy Testing:After fertilisation and implantation, the foetal placental unit functions as an endocrine gland producing hormones. These include the human chorionic gonadotropic hormone, which is produced within three days of conception and reaches a level that is easily detected by monoclonal antibodies within seven days. The kits developed are used to confirm pregnancy as early as the eleventh day from conception.
Developing Recombinant Proteins for Medical and Therapeutic Use. ADVERTISEMENTS:Different expression systems are used to express the recombinant proteins.
These expression systems can be of yeast, bacteria, insect or a viral origin. Prokaryotic expression vectors provide a convenient system to synthesise eukaryotic proteins, but the proteins may lack many of the immunogenic properties, 3D conformation and other features exhibited by normal eukaryotic proteins.Eukaryotic expression systems including mammalian, amphibian, plant, insect, and yeast overcome many of these limitations. Mammalian cell expression system poses difficulty in purifying recombinant proteins including limitations on the size of the recombinant protein expressed and mechanism of protein expression induction. Many of these limitations can be overcome using expression systems from insect and yeast cells.Insulin, interferon’s, vaccines, blood proteins and growth factors are among the many substances manufactured using genetically engineered microbes. Genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology or genetic manipulation has made it possible to transfer genes from one organism to another, inducing cells to manufacture both cheaply and in large quantities, the materials that would not be normally produced.The production of substances by genetic manipulation involves insertion of the gene that codes for the protein (product) to be manufactured into a microbe, which is able to synthesise the product. The product formed can be subsequently collected.With the advent of biotechnology, many vital biomedical substances have been generated and successfully applied. For instance, original penicillin G (benzyl penicillin) has a relatively narrow spectrum of activity against microorganisms and cannot be given orally.Members of semi-synthetic penicillin’s are now produced by the removal and or substitution of side chain at various sites in the molecule by chemical or biological process.
Penicillin differs from benzyl penicillin. It has an additional amino group on its side chain that confirms a wider antibacterial range and can be given orally.
The enzyme used to cleave the side chain is penicillin acylase, which is derived from several microbes including E.coli and Aspergillus repins. New Drug Targets and Vaccine Development:Many potential drug targets have already been identified. These include key metabolic enzymes, growth factors, hormones, transmitter substances, oncogene products, neuropeptides and various receptor proteins. The power of rDNA technology can be directed at these targets to fully characterise them.DNA analysis can be used to predict amino acid sequence of cloned target genes, and the proteins can be expressed in sufficient quantities to provide material for X-ray crystallographic smidges. The effect of changes brought about by the site directed mutagenesis could be demonstrated in terms of structure function. Such knowledge is essential for computer-aided drug designing programmes.This is another area where rDNA methods have proved successful.
In the past, vaccine development used empirical methods to derive attenuated or killed vaccines to increase safety of the products. Recombinant methods enable the researcher to dissect the gene for the active immunogen from the host organism, and to introduce it into a more convenient and benign system for high expression levels.Some of the examples are: Insulin:It is an important hormone regulating glucose levels. Anti-haemophilic Factor:It is an important material purified from human blood, and used in the treatment of haemophilia. Action has proved difficult because of infection of haemophiliacs with AIDS virus.
Human Serum Albumin:It is one of the most common blood proteins used in the treatment of shock injuries such as burns. Engineered Enzymes:These enzymes are used to treat a range of conditions from cardiac diseases to renal failure, to certain types of inherited enzyme deficiencies. ADVERTISEMENTS:Rapid advances are continuously being made in the field, and new horizons include the development of enzymes like biosensors or bio electrodes to monitor many physiological processes. Food and Beverage Industry: Xylanases:Enzymes are biological molecules present in various organisms. Microorganisms have been found to be a rich source of industrially important enzymes.
One such enzyme is xylanase. Different types of xylanases have been identified and isolated by genetic manipulation.
These include digestive enzymes for natural fibres like wood, pulp and cellulose.Xylanases play a very positive role in improving the quality of baked products. For instance, a specific xylanase enzyme has been identified and produced from a fungal strain (Aspergillus niger var awamori). Molecular manipulations have enhanced the production level of these enzymes by twenty to forty times. This enzyme (EXLA) was developed by Unilever, and is now available freely in the market.Xylanase and cellulase decoction, called Flaxzyme was found to produce a clean fibre when used for retting of knaaf Xylanase producing genes have been isolated and inserted in E.coli, which is inducted into chick-feed. The bacteria produce xylanase, which breaks down the grain and allows the chick to digest the grain faster, thus promoting faster growth. ADVERTISEMENTS:Another study was conducted to enzymatically produce a new plasma protein-based gel-forming material for optimising meat products. The TNO Company developed a fresh cold meat binding system called Fibrimex (which is a solution of fibrinogen, thrombin and transglutaminase) with fresh meat pieces, which, in turn, forms a covenant mass of meat.
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Emulsifiers:Acacia gum is predominantly used as an emulsifier in the food industry due to its emulsifying and stabilisation properties. Using new molecular tools, emulsifiers are now synthesised from covalently coupled carbohydrates like starch, pectin, sugar and proteins from wheat, milk and soya bean. Peanut Allergy Testing:Many people have been found to display allergic reactions after eating peanuts. To combat this problem, it is essential to identify the cause of this allergy. For this purpose, a highly sensitive immunological assay has been developed by a Netherland based company to detect peanut proteins in foods.
This is the first peanut assay with commercial applications. Effective Monitoring:Scientists are developing versatile gastrointestinal models for detailed monitoring of digestibility, bioconversion and biodegradability of foods and drugs and contaminants from the point of safety and functionality. These models (TIM-TNO – in vitro models) are now used for studying the digestive effect of nutraceutical foods.
High Intensity Sweetener:Hoechst developed ‘Aesulfamek’, the high intensity sweetener under the name Sunett TM. Its efficacy and toxicological safety testing has established this product as an extremely effective sweetener. Calcium Intake:One of the most important and innovative applications of biotechnology is to improve the calcium level in our foodstuff Researchers have shown that oligo-fructose, a naturally occurring, low-digestible oligosaccharide, increases calcium absorption by as much as twenty two per cent.
Such studies can open the floodgates for new areas of health application and new classes of ingredients. These findings can be used to create new products in dairy, bakery, confectionery and drinks. Foods from Microbes:While brewing and baking have existed for ages, we are now using genetically pure strains in the process. Studies show that nearly 1.5 million tons of bakers’ yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae) is produced throughout the world every year. Modern plants have also reduced the time required in the fermentation process from months to days. Similarly, the fungus Aspergillus oryzae is being used to produce a wide range of important enzymes. Edible Mushrooms:Rank Hons McDougall PLC & ICI (Zeneca) have recently obtained Quorn myco-protein from a filamentous fungus Fusarium graminecerarum.
Quorn is obtained from mycelia grown in large fermenters. The final product that is obtained has a meat-like texture, and is reported to be the most thoroughly tested food. The annual sales of Quorn are to the tune of 15 million pounds in the United Kingdom alone. Industrial Products:It has recently been discovered that the cellulose enzyme can replace the pumice stones used in the textile industry to produce stonewashed denim.
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This will help counter the damage that the pymice stone can cause to the fabric. The cellulose enzyme can also be used as a bio- polishing agent, as it removes the fuzz from the surface of cellulose fibres.Proteases and hydrolysis’s are used in laundry detergents and starch processing respectively. Genetic manipulation can create simpler molecules from these complex ones, or transform the already known chemical structures to more active compounds.For instance, the sweetness of corn syrup can be substantially increased by chemical transformation using the glucose isomerize enzyme.
These developments can have very wide applications in pharmaceutical, food and agricultural areas.Many important industrial products have been produced from fungi using the fermentation technology. Fungi, which secrete specific enzymes, can readily break down organic materials. Antibiotics have also been isolated from fungi.Of late, cyclosporine have been isolated from a fungus Tolypocladium inflatum as an anti-fungal compound, which turned out to be an immunosuppressing agent. This drug is mostly used for preventing rejection of human organ transplants.Fungal organisms are also a source of biopolymers like polysaccharides. These strains, when grown under specific conditions, can help in obtaining these biopolymers, which are very useful for industry. Many fungi produce a large number of pigments, and are thus used for producing textile dyes.Some fungal pigments are known to be anthraquinone derivatives, which resemble an important group of Vat dyes. The use of these fungal dyes in the textile industry reduces the problems associated with the waste disposal of synthetic chemicals.Cotton plants are highly prone to insect attacks.
To counter this problem, transgenic cotton plants have now been developed. These plants carry a gene from the bacteria ‘Bacillus thrungiensis’, which protects the plant from insect attack.Scientists are also trying to develop transgenic coloured cottons, which could replace the bleaching and dying process. Biotechnology has also had an impact on animal fibre production. Genetic manipulations can prevent wool shearing in sheep, which is caused due to attack from fry larvae.Several companies are, trying to develop fibre-forming biopolymers. One such product developed by Zeneca Bio-products is the ‘Biopol’.
This chemical compound, polyhy-droxybutyrate (PHB), is high- molecular weight linear polyester with thermoplastic properties, and can thus be melted and spun into fibres.Its biocompatible and biodegradable nature also makes it extremely useful for making surgical tools. For instance, sutures made from PHB are easily degradable by the enzymes present within the human body. Attempts are also on to clone such genes, and subsequently transfer them to plants. This would enable the production of these compounds in much larger quantities, and would subsequently bring down its cost as well. Benefits for the Textile Industry:Besides cellulose, dyes, and improved cotton plants, the other applications of biotechnology in the textile industry include:1.
Use of improved plant varieties for production of textile fibres and fibre properties.2. Improvement in fibre derived from animals.3. Novel fibres from biopolymers and genetically modified microbes.4. Replacing harsh and energy demanding chemicals by eco-friendly enzymes for textile processing.5.
Development of low energy based detergents.6. New diagnostic tools for quality control of textile waste management. Paper Industry:Fungi that cause white rot have proved to be quite useful for the paper industry. Species like ‘Phanerochaete chrysosporium’ and ‘Trametis versicolor’ have replaced some of the chemical steps used in papermaking. This can eliminate the pollution hazards associated with the use of chemicals.Biotechnological forces are well on their way to herald a whole new industrial revolution. The force of this revolution will lie in exploiting living organisms, and using molecular tools as effective alternatives for conventional chemical based raw materials.
And if present trends are any indication, this new revolution is going to redefine industry in the future.